I. General Information

1. Course Title:
Anatomy & Physiology II

2. Course Prefix & Number:
BIOL 2468

3. Course Credits and Contact Hours:

Credits: 4

Lecture Hours: 3

Lab Hours: 3

4. Course Description:

The second of a two-course sequence designed to investigate the anatomy and physiology of the remaining organ systems including the endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Three hours lecture and a three-hour lab weekly.  For liberal arts and sciences students, biology, nursing and other science related fields. MnTC Goal 3

5. Placement Tests Required:

6. Prerequisite Courses:

7. Other Prerequisites
Students must have completed A&P I – the prerequisite course – with a “C” or better; or consulted with the instructor.

9. Co-requisite Courses:

There are no corequisites for this course.

II. Transfer and Articulation

1. Course Equivalency - similar course from other regional institutions:

Hibbing Community College, 1260 Human Anatomy and Physiology II, 4 credits
Inver Hills Community College, 2202 Human Anatomy and Physiology II, 4 credits
Mesabi Range Community College, 2552 Human Anatomy and Physiology II, 4 credits

2. Transfer - regional institutions with which this course has a written articulation agreement:

III. Course Purpose

1. Program-Applicable Courses – This course is required for the following program(s):

Nursing, AS

2. MN Transfer Curriculum (General Education) Courses - This course fulfills the following goal area(s) of the MN Transfer Curriculum:
Goal 3 – Natural Sciences

IV. Learning Outcomes

1. College-Wide Outcomes

College-Wide Outcomes/Competencies	Students will be able to:
Demonstrate written communication skills	Write lab reports in which data are analyzed and results are communicated.
Analyze and follow a sequence of operations	Complete lab exercises requiring sequential steps (examples: physiology experiments on human lab subjects exploring respiratory and cardiovascular physiology; perform differential WBC counts, blood typing tests).
Apply abstract ideas to concrete situations	Identify, evaluate, and apply critical thinking and creative problem solving skills to explain how organ systems are involved in the maintenance of homeostasis and the outcomes of homeostatic deviations.
Utilize appropriate technology	Demonstrate basic technical skills. Effectively use and maintain lab equipment (examples: use a microscope, use PowerLab equipment to generate physiological data, measure volumes of fluids and reagents to conduct digestive and urinary system experiments).

2. Course Specific Outcomes - Students will be able to achieve the following measurable goals upon completion of the course:

• Communicate experimental findings, analyses, and interpretations of results both orally and in writing. MnTC Goal 3
• Solve genetics problems regarding blood typing and conduct a blood lab including hematocrit, differential WBC count, blood typing MnTC Goal 3
• Describe the anatomical and physiological changes that occur during the regulation of the male and female reproductive function. MnTC Goal 3
• Describe the physiological changes that occur during fertilization, pregnancy, labor & delivery. MnTC Goal 3
• Relate the events of the Cardiac Cycle to pressure/volume changes, ECG, and heart sounds. MnTC Goal 3
• Summarize the similarities & differences between antibody–mediated and cell-mediated immunity and explain how they cooperate to defend the body. MnTC Goal 3
• Formulate and test hypotheses by performing laboratory experiments and simulations relating to the endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, digestive, and urinary systems. MnTC Goal 3
• Distinguish water soluble from lipid soluble hormones in terms of their chemistry & mechanism of action, and associate each hormone with its target tissue/organ and action. MnTC Goal 3
• Diagram and describe the parts of the nephron and understand the three mechanisms involved in urine formation. MnTC Goal 3
• Predict how changes in vessel radius, vessel length, blood viscosity & pressure differential will affect blood Ffow and confirm by manipulating these factors in a lab experiment or simulation. MnTC Goal 3
• Identify the organs & structures of the Lymphatic System on models, diagrams, and preserved specimens, and describe its structural and functional relationship to the Cardiovascular System. MnTC Goal 3
• Trace the route of air through respiratory structures during inhalation and explain the forces that drive internal and external respiration. MnTC Goal 3
• Identify the structures and functions of digestive system organs and describe the production, secretion, and action of digestive enzymes within the associated structures. MnTC Goal 3

V. Topical Outline

Listed below are major areas of content typically covered in this course.

1. Lecture Sessions

1. The Endocrine System
   • Know the location of the endocrine glands; distinguish regions of specific glands (anterior v. posterior pituitary; adrenal cortex v. medulla)
   • Describe the hormones produced by each gland.
   • Know each hormones target tissue/organ and action.
   • Explain & give examples of the three mechanisms for regulation of hormone secretion: humoral, neural, hormonal.
   • Distinguish Water Soluble from Lipid Soluble hormones in terms of their chemistry & mechanism of action.
2. The Blood
   • Evaluate the composition of whole blood – cite the components and note their relative percentages
   • Know the function & relative abundance of each of the Formed Elements.
   • List & describe the plasma components.
   • Understand the regulation of blood cell production.
   • Use pathophysiological examples to demonstrate how disease conditions deviate from normal, such as anemia, polycythemia, leukemia, etc.
   • Understand the basis for ABO & Rh-factor blood typing.
   • Solve genetics problems regarding blood typing.
3. Cardiovascular System – The Heart
   • Know the chambers, valves & vessels, layers and coverings (and be able to ID them on models, diagrams & specimens) of the heart.
   • Distinguish the pulmonary & systemic circuits.
   • Relate the events of the Cardiac Cycle to pressure/volume changes, ECG, and heart sounds.
   • Know the location and sequence of activation of the structures in the Cardiac Conduction System.
   • Understand the role the ANS plays in regulating heart rate.
   • Discuss, in detail, the factors that influence Cardiac Output by relating them to negative feedback loops.
4. Cardiovascular System – The Blood Vessels
   • Know the structural and functional differences among the different types of blood vessels.
   • Measure & understand the measurements for Blood Pressure, Pulse Pressure, Mean Arterial Pressure.
   • Predict how changes in vessel radius, vessel length, blood viscosity & pressure differential will affect Blood Flow and confirm by manipulating these factors in a lab experiment or simulation.
   • Know the names, locations & functions of the major systemic arteries & veins.
   • Explain how blood pressure is regulated (both short-term and long-term) and detail the events that occur to restore BP in response to a deviation.
5. The Lymphatic System & Immunity
   • List the functions of the Lymphatic System.
   • Identify the organs & structures of the Lymphatic System on models, diagrams, and preserved specimens.
   • Understand the production of & flow of lymph, and its relationship to the Cardiovascular System.
   • Distinguish Innate (nonspecific) from Adaptive (specific) defense mechanisms and describe their respective roles.
   • Understand the relationship between the body’s 1^st line of defense & 2^nd line of defense and describe the events and outcomes of examples of each.
   • Understand the cellular mechanisms, sequence of events, and outcomes of Antibody-Mediated Immunity.
   • Understand the cellular mechanisms & sequence of events that elicit a Cell-Mediated Immune Response and describe its outcomes.
   • Summarize the similarities & differences between antibody–mediated and cell-mediated immunity and explain how they cooperate to defend the body.
   • Distinguish among autoimmune disease, immunodeficiency, and the classes of hypersensitivity disorders and provide examples of each.
6. The Respiratory System
   • Know the structures in the Respiratory System. Be able to trace the route of air during inhalation (and exhalation) from the nasal cavity to the alveoli (and from alveoli to the nasal cavity).
   • Describe the Mechanics of Ventilation.
   • Define Pulmonary Volumes & Capacities.
   • Understand how Rate & Depth of Breathing are regulated.
   • Explain the forces that drive internal and external respiration.
   • Explain how O₂ and CO₂ are transported through the body and the degree to which these methods are used.
7. The Digestive System
   • Know the structures of the Digestive System – Be able to follow the route of food from mouth to anus.
   • Describe the functions of the gastrointestinal tract organs.
   • Know the location and functions of the Accessory Structures.
   • Describe the site of production and site of action of digestive enzymes.
   • Understand how digestive enzyme production and secretion is regulated.
   • Understand how gastrointestinal secretions & motility are regulated.
8. The Urinary System
   • Know the location of the structures of the Urinary System & describe their functions.
   • Diagram the blood supply to & from the kidney
   • Diagram and describe the parts of the nephron.
   • Understand the three mechanisms involved in urine formation.
   • Correlate a list of kidney (urinary system) functions to physiological mechanisms that regulate volume & concentration of urine output.
9. The Reproductive System
   • Know the location of the structures of the Male Reproductive System & describe their functions.
   • Describe the anatomical & physiological changes that occur during adolescence and the regulation of the male reproductive function.
   • Know the location of the structures of the Female Reproductive System and describe their functions.
   • Correlate the events of the ovarian cycle with the uterine cycle.
   • Compare & contrast oogenesis & spermatogenesis.
10. Human Development
    • Describe fertilization & the stages of human development.
    • Understand the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy, labor & delivery.

2. Laboratory/Studio Sessions

1. Endocrine System
   • List and identify the endocrine glands on models, diagrams & preserved specimens.
   • Identify the glands and their regions using prepared slides.
   • Describe the hormones produced by each gland or region.
   • Conduct an experiment or simulation that manipulates hormone levels, involves data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
2. Blood
   • Understand the composition of blood.
   • Be able to identify the formed elements of the blood using a microscope
   • Know the function & relative abundance of each of the Formed Elements
   • Use pathophysiological examples to demonstrate how disease conditions deviate from normal, such as anemia, polycythemia, leukemia, etc.
   • Understand the basis for ABO & Rh-factor blood typing
   • Conduct a blood lab including hematocrit, differential WBC count, blood typing.
3. Heart, Blood Vessels and Circulation
   • Know the chambers, valves & vessels, layers and coverings and be able to identify them on models, diagrams & preserved specimens of the heart.
   • Distinguish the pulmonary & systemic circuits.
   • Know the structural and functional differences among the different types of blood vessels. Be able to distinguish an artery from a vein using a microscope.
   • Measure & understand the measurements for Blood Pressure, Pulse Pressure, Mean Arterial Pressure.
   • Predict how changes in vessel radius, vessel length, blood viscosity & pressure differential will affect blood flow and confirm by manipulating these factors in a lab experiment or simulation.
   • Know the names, locations & functions of the major systemic arteries & veins and be able to identify them on models and a mammalian dissection.
   • Generate an ECG and correlate the deflections and intervals to intrinsic conduction activities in the heart and to cardiac cycle events.
4. Lymphatic System and Immunity
   • Identify the organs & structures of the Lymphatic System on models, diagrams, and preserved specimens.
   • Examine Lymphatic structures under the microscope. Understand their histology.
   • Conduct a serological test or simulation to replicate antigen-antibody binding, analysis and interpretation.
5. Respiratory system
   • Identify the structures of the Respiratory System on models, diagrams & preserved specimens & describe their functions.
   • Be able to identify and distinguish respiratory system structures using prepared slides of trachea, lung.
   • Measure and analyze Pulmonary Volumes & Capacities.
   • Investigate the role of CO₂ in regulating the rate and depth of breathing
6. Digestive system
   • Identify the structures of the Digestive System on models, diagrams & preserved specimens & describe their functions.
   • Be able to identify and distinguish digestive system structures by their histology using prepared slides and microscopy.
   • Investigate the digestion of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids, using assays for the presence/absence of starch, glucose, amino acids (peptide fragments) and fatty acids.
   • Investigate the optimal temperature and pH of enzymes.
7. Urinary System
   • Identify the structures of the Urinary System on models, diagrams & preserved specimens & describe their functions.
   • Be able to identify and distinguish urinary system structures by their histology using prepared slides and microscopy.
   • Diagram the blood supply to & from the kidney, and diagram the parts of the nephron.
   • Compare the results of a normal urinalysis to a pathology.
8. Reproductive system
   • Identify the structures of the Male Reproductive System on models, diagrams & preserved specimens & describe their functions.
   • Identify the structures of the Female Reproductive System on models, diagrams & preserved specimens and describe their functions.
   • Compare & contrast oogenesis & spermatogenesis.
   • Describe fertilization & the stages of human development.
9. Mammalian Anatomy
   • Complete a dissection that involves discovering and identifying the major organs and regions (where applicable) of the Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive Systems.
10. Patterns of Inheritance
    • Explore the segregation of alleles during meiosis.
    • Be able to diagram (Punnett Squares and pedigrees) the autosomal and sex chromosome patterns of inheritance.
    • Conduct a probability experiment.
    • Investigate heritable traits.